Dianabol Dbol Cycle Guide, Results, Side Effects And Dosage
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Dianabol Dbol Cycle Guide, Results, Side Effects And Dosage

The Impact of Antioxidant Supplementation on Testosterone Levels

A systematic review of human studies (1990 – 2024)


1. Background

Testosterone biology – The principal androgen in men, testosterone is produced mainly by Leydig cells and modulates muscle mass, bone density, libido, mood, and erythropoiesis. Its synthesis is regulated by the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑gonadal (HPG) axis, but is also highly sensitive to oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress and the testes – Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during normal metabolism and in response to environmental insults. In excess they damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. The testis is especially vulnerable because its cells contain high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Excess ROS can impair steroidogenesis by modifying enzymes such as 17β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β‑HSD) or by damaging Leydig cell mitochondria.

Antioxidants in reproductive health – Dietary antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, melatonin, N‑acetylcysteine) can neutralize ROS. Several studies have reported that antioxidant supplementation improves semen quality and sperm DNA integrity in men with infertility or suboptimal semen parameters.


2. How an excess of antioxidants might impair testosterone production

Mechanism Key points
Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for steroidogenesis - Leydig cells generate ROS as a normal part of the electron‑transport chain.
- A modest level of ROS stimulates adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, and activates PKA → enhances HSL activation and cholesterol mobilization.
- Over‑scavenging removes these signaling ROS